Commercial Airline Avionics | Fleet Avionics

Tracking Your Investment Has Never Been Easier!!!

admin — Thu, 18 Mar 2010 09:44:43 +0000

Project Goals:

We entered this market through this virtual stock portfolio game with the goal to outplay the market if possible. With a short time horizon to achieve this goal, we had to become quickly acquainted with the market tools, different fund strategies, and technicalities of fund management structure, varied investor and managers’ preferences. Each of these elements taught us valuable lessons and improved our investment skills.

www.aircraftdf.com/airvice

Market Tools:

Prior to this stimulation, stocks and bonds were the “popular” trading securities we have used in our studies. Through this exercises, we discovered the methodologies to trade commodities, ETF’s, options and currencies. We have learned how different combinations of these tools yield efficient and inefficient portfolios. The benefit of diversification once again had proven its importance. It was very interesting to tie together investment and financing decisions therefore eliminating the factor of limited cash. Though we didn’t practice it in our portfolio management, our correspondence with different groups taught us a good lesson.

Strategies:

Overall stimulation was especially useful as we got to discover different hedge fund strategies, involved with forming a hedge fund portfolio. This learning curve was further enhanced with the volatile market conditions that created challenging environment for implementing standard strategies and therefore made us to use simple logic trying to outbid the market. It was here that the interactive class presentations/discussions helped a lot by coming up with our preferred strategy and risk tolerance. Our group preferred a moderate risk-growth portfolio and used trading strategies in ETF’s and bonds. We further leveraged the models and financial tools of the firms we worked at to evaluate our portfolio and constantly alternate them to stay with the most efficient ones that would keep us within the boundaries of our long-term goals. (See Appendix 1)

Investment Bias:

We quickly discovered that all hedge fund managers are subject to their own risk biases which are very often reflected in their portfolios. We chose the long term investment strategy seeking consistent but modest growths. Most of our peers did the opposite and used very short time horizon of returns evaluation, also concentrating more on the high returns though not monitoring the volatility (risk).

Such managers’ bias resulted in attracting like-minded investors. We felt our portfolio would have attracted a larger investor pool had it been in real-time execution of trades and the time horizon was larger. The lesson we took away was simple: Match the time horizon to a time period that the fund has been operating in and evaluate the results. If the returns-risk award matches the risk appetite, we should go with it.

Technicalities of Hedge fund management:

This exercise made us read a lot of hedge fund proposals written by actual managers. Though we were made to clarify in bold print what our fee structure is like, these hedge fund portfolios printed their fee structure in small fine print. Therefore we concluded that it might be useful to evaluate the net returns, seek out the fee terms and ask probing questions as we step into the personal investments in the future. We drew a vital parallel between the investment decisions and fee structures.

Conclusion:

This exercise forced us to discard completely the hesitation of ‘gambling’ money in the exchanges. Investing is a great food for the mind that has unlimited capabilities that can be used. Being able to calculate risk on the individual securities in some cases was crucial for us to make educated guesses. We have learnt how to evaluate market instruments for correct prices and place bets accordingly. Most importantly it taught us to choose the hedge funds that match our preferences rather than getting sweet-talked into funds that would not yield the desired outcome. It also showed us the importance of merging different investments (diversification) to manage our returns efficiently and brilliantly.

www.aircraftdf.com/airvice

Appendix 1

Consultant at Airvice! Financial Consulting have never been so easy!

Do you Really Want to be Available All the Time?

admin — Wed, 17 Mar 2010 09:06:05 +0000

Do you really want to be available for anyone and everyone on a 24/7 basis? What do I mean? A famous person once said that the more available you make yourself; the more available everyone will expect you to be. People will actually be annoyed if you are not instantly and constantly available rather than being pleased when you do call. People expecting you to be available all the time may be annoying. Cell phone calls follow you everywhere you are including your bathroom. Even during nighttime when you want to rest, cell phones continue to ring and annoy you. If it is important, no problem but if it is very menial, why you need to be bothered so late.

Today in this modern society, we live in and the proliferation of cell phones we see people talking anywhere and everywhere. If used for business, this may prove to be very effective and worthy. However, for very menial issues being bothered in your sleep and even during your bathroom time may be quite annoying if not outright disgusting. However, if you make yourself available all the time, you created your own nightmare.

Cell phone etiquette is getting to be a forgotten concept. You will see people talking on the phone loudly and disturbs people nearby in restaurants and even in offices. I am sure by now, once or twice in a meeting you will notice that when a cell phone rings, almost everyone around will immediately look for their cell phones. If you were the one talking, and then the person in front of you talks on his phone, how would you feel? I am sure you will feel belittled and ignored. Rude practice, and should be changed.

It may help people who use cell phones to follow certain degree of etiquette with respect to the use of cell phones specially in places where you may seem rude if you use or even when your cell phone rings.

When you are in a place of worship, it may be necessary to leave your cell phone in the house or at least turn it off if you do not want to be away with it. This is because ringing cell phone will not just disturb you while you pray it will also disturb others. You do not need to show off your expensive gadget in a place of worship.

During meetings, please turn off your cell phone; it is rude to have your phone ringing while somebody speaks. Disruption may cause problems especially when the meeting tackles extremely important issues. However, if you are waiting for terribly important call, you may use the vibrate mode of your cell phone to alert you when a call is in-coming and leave the meeting if you need to answer the call. You may also inform the possible caller that you are in a meeting and that you cannot be disturbed.

When traveling and if you are on-board an aircraft, you will be required to turn off your phone. This is because electronics devices may interfere with the aircraft’s avionics. Thus, it is a requirement to turn of your phone for safety reasons. However, for extremely long flights, airline companies allow cell phone usage at a certain time, if you really need to make a phone call, use this time allotted if necessary.

Cell phone have become to be a necessity nowadays, that is why most people use it and cell phone manufacturers have continuously develop different usage and functions for this very small gadget. Be globally competitive, but you should understand that being rude is not part of modernity. Follow certain degree of etiquette; this will be very helpful to you and your business.

We provide free articles and information. Check us out at Free Articles

Cell Phones, Do You Really Want to be Available All the Time?

admin — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 11:57:00 +0000

Cell phone calls follow you everywhere you are including your bathroom. Even during nighttime when you want to rest, cell phones continue to ring and annoy you. If it is important, no problem but if it is very menial, why you need to be bothered so late. Today in this modern society, we live in and the proliferation of cell phones we see people talking anywhere and everywhere. If used for business, this may prove to be very effective and worthy.

However, for very menial issues being bothered in your sleep and even during your bathroom time may be quite annoying if not outright disgusting. However, if you make yourself available all the time, you created your own nightmare. Cell phone etiquette is getting to be a forgotten concept. You will see people talking on the phone loudly and disturbs people nearby in restaurants and even in offices.

I am sure by now, once or twice in a meeting you will notice that when a cell phone rings, almost everyone around will immediately look for their cell phones. If you were the one talking, and then the person in front of you talks on his phone, how would you feel? I am sure you will feel belittled and ignored. Rude practice, and should be changed. It may help people who use cell phones to follow certain degree of etiquette with respect to the use of cell phones specially in places where you may seem rude if you use or even when your cell phone rings. When you are in a place of worship, it may be necessary to leave your cell phone in the house or at least turn it off if you do not want to be away with it.

This is because ringing cell phone will not just disturb you while you pray it will also disturb others. You do not need to show off your expensive gadget in a place of worship. During meetings, please turn off your cell phone; it is rude to have your phone ringing while somebody speaks. Disruption may cause problems especially when the meeting tackles extremely important issues. However, if you are waiting for terribly important call, you may use the vibrate mode of your cell phone to alert you when a call is in-coming and leave the meeting if you need to answer the call.

You may also inform the possible caller that you are in a meeting and that you cannot be disturbed. When traveling and if you are on-board an aircraft, you will be required to turn off your phone. This is because electronics devices may interfere with the aircraft’s avionics. Thus, it is a requirement to turn of your phone for safety reasons.

However, for extremely long flights, airline companies allow cell phone usage at a certain time, if you really need to make a phone call, use this time allotted if necessary. Cell phone have become to be a necessity nowadays, that is why most people use it and cell phone manufacturers have continuously develop different usage and functions for this very small gadget. Be globally competitive, but you should understand that being rude is not part of modernity. Follow certain degree of etiquette; this will be very helpful to you and your business.

PDA accessories.com is also specialized in cell phone accessories.

Have a look… Cell Phone Accessories

posted by:

Fatima Zaheer

Working as SEO in a private company named as PDA accessories.com, which handled smart phone and game accessories along with free shipping.

Do You Really Want to

admin — Mon, 15 Mar 2010 06:46:37 +0000

Do you really want to be available for anyone and everyone on a 24/7 basis? What do I mean? I say that the more available you make yourself; the more available everyone will expect you to be. People will actually be annoyed if you are not instantly and constantly available rather than being pleased when you do call. People expecting you to be available all the time may be annoying. Cell phone calls follow you everywhere you are including your bathroom. Even during nighttime when you want to rest, cell phones continue to ring and annoy you. If it is important, no problem but if it is very menial, why you need to be bothered so late.

NOVYAR

I\\\\\\\’am just your average 57yr.old american citizen,who has spent my life working hard and long hours.I was born in Decatur Al. now am living in Saint Louis Mo for the past 44yrs.Worked 35yrs in manufacturing and spent several yrs driving over the road,I’am between jobs once again in my life.The world is a different place than when I grew up.But a change is in the making.Have also been doing a lot of research in real estate and investing or saling anything I can profit from even on the Internet,it’s not easy you just have to stay at it.Trying to learn this Internet marketing business and I think that going to take some time learning all of the ins and outs,does and don’ts,yet I know the Lord will get me through this somehow and someway,because GOD IS LOVE!Well I’m back writing a little more about myself of whatever comes to my mind.I use to write why I was in school, but that was a very long time ago,and now being between jobs it gives me a little more time to think of what I would like to say.Normally I’d write about whatever came to mind or what I .was thinking of at the moment.So many thoughs comes nowaday setting around all day with nothing else to do but think.I’ll probably add a little more later.

Have you Ever Wanted to Throw Away your Cell Phone?

admin — Sun, 14 Mar 2010 08:35:14 +0000

A quick guide to positions in basketball can be found at the Basketball Positions website. Visit the Back Workouts website for a short guide to back exercises. Interesting info on positions in ballet can be found at the Ballet Positions website.

Cell phones, want to be reachable all the time?

admin — Sat, 13 Mar 2010 13:14:49 +0000

Do you really want to be reachable for anyone and everyone on a 24/7 basis? What do I mean? A famous person once said that the more available you make yourself; the more available everyone will expect you to be. People will actually be annoyed if you are not instantly and constantly available rather than being pleased when you do call. People expecting you to be available all the time may be annoying. Cell phone calls follow you everywhere you are including your bathroom. Even during nighttime when you want to rest, cell phones continue to ring and annoy you. If it is important, no problem but if it is very menial, why you need to be bothered so late.

Check my new Buy Chairs and metal kitchen chairs web pages.

Aircraft Weight and Balance

admin — Fri, 12 Mar 2010 06:18:55 +0000

1. Introduction to Physics

Physics is the study of the entire natural, or physical, world and can be subdivided into two categories:

Classical physics. Modern physics.

It employs the scientific method of analysis, which itself is the application of a logical process of reasoning. This process entails five integral steps:

Observation. Hypothesis. Experimentation. Theory or law. Prediction.

“Prediction” implies that, once an accurate model of nature has been established, that its theory results in a law of physics.

From the physics perspective, the entire world is describable in terms of four fundamental parameters:

Length. Mass. Time. Change.

Physics is not necessarily the obscure subject you study at a university in order to complete your degree requirements, but instead something with which you interact countless times per day because you live in the physical world, although you have probably never thought about it like this before.

Every time you sit down somewhere, for instance, you stay there, instead of floating up to the ceiling, because of gravity. Gravity is part of physics. If you sling an item across a table or surface, it will not slide indefinitely, but will ultimately be arrested and stop because of the presence of friction on that surface. This is also physics. Why is it more dangerous to drive on ice than on pavement? Ice is obviously more slippery than pavement and hence provides less “grip” with the surface. According to physics, every surface or substance has a frictional value and the frictional value of ice is far lower than that of pavement or concrete. The fact that your car equally does not float above this pavement when you drive it indicates that both gravity and friction are present.

Listening to someone speak sounds mundane, but the very fact that there is “sound” at all indicates that sound waves are being carried from the speaker to the listener. This, again, is physics.

Physics, in fact, is all around you. You interact with its concepts and principles every second of everyday and cannot escape this fact, yet still exist in and negotiate the physical world. You, too, are, in essence, “physics,” since you are part of this world.

Weight and balance, therefore, inescapably entails physics.

2. Language of Physics

Like many disciplines, physics has its own language. If you ask someone to say “aircraft” in Spanish, for example, he would probably respond, “El avion.” If you equally ask someone to translate the same word into German, he would likely answer, “Das Flugzeug.” If, on the other hand, you ask someone how he would say “work” in physics, he would respond, “W=fd.” This is not an odd language, but a mathematical formula, because mathematics is the language of physics.

Work = Force x Displacement

W = Fd

According to the formula, every time you pick up something from, say, a desk, and place it somewhere else, you have exerted a force on the object and produce the physics principle of “work.” Work is the scalar product of force multiplied by distance (displacement) whose unit of measurement is the “joule.”

If, however, you exert tremendous effort to lift a 150-pound object above your head and sweet profusely to do so, but return it to the exact spot from which you had taken it, by the physics formula, you have performed no “work,” since the object’s displacement is zero (0), although this may defy ordinary logic.

Physics laws are precise. Any result must be mathematically proven. Opinion is valueless in this discipline.

3. The Physics Principle Behind Weight and Balance

Weight and balance also involves physics and its formulas. Consider a seesaw with a 100-pound box placed on its right side, and answer these two questions.

Which way will the seesaw go? Why?

The answer to the first question is obvious. The seesaw will rotate to the right, toward the side on which the box has been placed. The answer to the second is not so obvious. If you say it is because of the “weight” on the right end of it, you would only be partially correct. “Weight” in physics is “mass” and there are two other elements exerting their effects on this movement.

A closer look at this diagram indicates that there are three elements involved, all of which, when combined, result in a physics law and an associated formula. The first of these, as already indicated, is the weight of the box on the right side of the seesaw, but here it cannot be considered “weight,” but instead a “force,” which causes the seesaw to rotate downward on the right side. The first element is therefore “force.”

F = Force

The second element is the distance that force is applied from the seesaw’s fulcrum or pivot point. We shall designate this distance by the small letter “r.”

r = Distance

Finally, this force and distance combination rotates, one way or the other, at the fulcrum and that fulcrum creates an angle. The angle, generically designated “sine theta,” constitutes the third interactive element.

Angle = sine theta

All these elements comprise what is known as the torque formula.

Torque = distance x force x sin theta

T = r F sine theta

Torque, derived from the Latin verb “torquere,” means “to twist.” Several additional definitions entail the following.

The vector is at 90 degrees to the plane of both the force and the displacement. Torque results in a perpendicular motion along the axis of rotation to the line along which the force acts. Torque is the component of force perpendicular to the line joining the center of a circle and the point where the force is applied multiplied by the distance from the center of a circle to the point where the force is applied. Torque is the measurement of the amount of “twisting” one can obtain from a given force. Contrasted with work, torque is a force multiplied by a perpendicular distance whereas work is a force multiplied by a parallel distance.

One of the three integral torque formula elements…namely, that of the angle…can be omitted. The angle, in this case, is 90 degrees, and the sine of 90 degrees equals one (1). Feed that into your calculator and verify its results.

sine theta = sine 90

sine 90 = 1

Since any number multiplied by one (1) always equals itself, its inclusion serves no purpose. For example:

100 (1) = 100

Therefore, its inclusion results in no numerical change or effect, and the torque formula can be simplified to the following:

T = rF1 = rF

T = rF

Although the formula can be reduced to two elements, torque is still the product of them, which is why the answer of “weight” alone in the initial question had been incorrect and incomplete. The elements are multiplied together.

The physics unit of “force” is neither pounds nor kilograms, but Newtons, abbreviated “N,” and the distance this force is applied from the fulcrum is expressed in meters (m). Their product is the “Newton-meter” or “mN.”

F = Newtons (N)

r = meters (m)

Newtons x meters = Newton-meters (mN)

The concept of torque is something you actually use many times per day, but have not been aware of it. Every time you exert a force to open a door, for example, you use the physics principle of torque and the vector product of the force you apply on the doorknob and how far that doorknob is located from the door hinge results in torque. Although you may never have been aware that its distance had been helping you open the door, it actually reduced the amount of effort you had exerted to do so, and this fact can be illustrated with a few simple examples. Suppose you applied 10 Newtons of force to a door whose handle were located 1.22 meters from the hinge (which is the door’s point of axis). By substituting these figures into the formula, you could calculate the amount of torque you generated, as follows:

T = rF

T = 1.22(10) = 12.2 mN

T = 12.2 mN

Suppose the door handle were relocated to a position only halfway to the hinge. Would you generate the same amount of torque? Let us see.

1.22/2 = .61

T = rF

.61(10) = 6.1 mN

T = 6.1 mN

You have obviously generated only half the amount of torque.

6.1/12.2 = ½

Could you generate the same amount of torque with this now relocated door handle? If you have halved the distance of the lever arm, you would obviously have to double the force to produce the same amount of torque—which means that you would have to work twice as hard to generate the same results.

2(10) = 20

T = rF

.61(20) = 12.2 mN

T = 12.2 mN

If you relocated the door handle to the hinge line, how much torque would you generate?

T= rF

T = 0(10) = 0 mN

T = 0 mN

You would not, in fact, have generated any torque because torque is the product of the distance and the force, and since the distance here is zero, zero multiplied by any number equals zero. You could not have opened this door! Try it!

Torque does not depend upon vertical orientation…only on axis of rotation. An example of this horizontal, torque-generating arrangement is the previously considered seesaw in which the fulcrum is the “hinge” and the weights of two children are the “forces.” Force, which is derived by multiplying the mass of an object with the acceleration of the object, is the mathematical expression of Sir Isaac Newton’s Second Law of Motion which states that a force not only causes an acceleration of a body, but that that acceleration is directly proportional to the force and in the direction of the force. Since there are two sides to a seesaw, there can potentially be two generated torques…torque 1 or “T1” on the left side and torque 2 or “T2” on the right side. If the two torques, T1 and T2, are equal, the seesaw will be in balance, but only calculation can determine this, as follows:

Torque 1 = distance 1 x force 1

T1 = r1F1

Torque 2 = distance 2 x force 2

T2 = r2F2

If two 21-Newton children sat on either side of a seesaw 1.5 meters from its center, its balance could be mathematically determined by inserting the proper numbers into the formula, as indicated below.

T1 = r1F1

1.5(21) = 31.5 mN

T2 = r2F2

1.5(21) = 31.5 mN

31.5 = 31.5

T1 = T2

This seesaw is, indeed, in balance. Children quickly learn that, when one weighs more than the other, one will have to sit closer to the fulcrum in order to effectuate a condition of rotational equilibrium or the seesaw will provide only one direction of rotation…until the ground intercepts its travel. Which child here would have to sit closer to the fulcrum…the heavier or the lighter one?

If a child weighing 30 Newtons sat 1.83 meters from the fulcrum, how far would an 18-Newton child have to sit in order to balance the seesaw? You calculate the distance.

Consider, further, a seesaw on which one 95-Newton object has been placed on either of its ends. Would it be in balance?

Because physics is a precise science and results can only be proven mathematically, the balance of this seesaw cannot be determined or calculated, despite appearances to the contrary, since only the forces have been given and not their distances from the fulcrum. Opinions are, again, valueless in physics.

If you understand the physics principle of torque, then you can answer the following questions:

Why does a torque wrench have a long handle? If you turned a bicycle over and wished to spin one of its wheels, where on the spoke would you place your fingers to do so with as little effort as possible…near the hub or near the rim? Why are you not able to lift up the side of your car with your bare hands when you need to change a tire, but you are able to do so with the aid of a jack?

4. From Seesaws to Airplanes

How does torque relate to aviation? Let us now move from doors to airplanes. We shall take our door and make two fundamental changes to it.

We shall rotate the door from the vertical to the horizontal. We shall relocate the hinges from the side to the center.

The way the door can be equated to the seesaw, so too can the seesaw be analogous to an aircraft.

In order to understand how the torque formula elements can be applied to the weight and balance of an aircraft, each can be progressively transposed from a representative seesaw to an aircraft itself. The elements, as you will recall, had included the following:

F = Force. r = Distance. Angle = Sine Theta.

The first of these, the distance, can be equated to an aircraft’s lower-deck holds, its main deck passenger cabin zones, and its fuel tanks. The way the two sides of the seesaw had provided the distance from the fulcrum, all these locations provide the same purpose on an airplane.

While the children, or anything else, had provided the forces exerted on the seesaw’s sides, payload comprises this element on an aircraft. Payload, which implies something an airline carries to “pay” the way, includes the passengers on the main deck, the baggage, cargo, and mail on the lower deck, and the fuel distributed in the various fuel tanks.

Finally, the angle at which an aircraft rotates, or the demarcation line between the forward, negative, and aft, positive, torque, is the center of gravity. Center of gravity is defined as that point at which an object, if suspended by a single cord, would balance. Although the angle, sine theta, had been omitted in the torque formula’s calculation, it nevertheless remains in reality, since torque involves a vector, not a scalar, product.

Consider, now, an aircraft with a nose-heavy loading condition. How could this situation be remedied? The solution lay in the torque formula, with changing either its distance or its force parameters.

Add load in the aft hold. Move the load further aft. Transfer load, from forward to aft. Remove load from the forward hold. Move the forward load in the forward hold further aft in the same hold.

Although it is not possible to affect only one element of the torque formula without affecting the other, since they are intertwined by multiplication, these remedies had attempted to target one side of the torque elements, force or distance, more than the other. They have been repeated below, indicating which of the two they had predominantly targeted and why.

Add load in the aft hold – F (force), which did not previously exist. Move the load further aft – r (distance), force was neither added nor removed, only placed at a different distance from the center of gravity. Transfer load, from forward to aft. – r (distance), force was neither added nor removed, only placed at a different distance from the center of gravity. Remove load from the forward hold – F (force), because payload was removed, not redistributed. Therefore, the distance in the torque formula had been reduced.

The lower deck of an Airbus A-330-200 aircraft, for example, is divided into two distinct areas, the forward hold and the aft hold, and these comprise the physical space. However, they are further subdivided into compartments 1 and 2 in the forward hold and compartments 3, 4, and 5 in the aft hold for weight and balance purposes in order to assign a single distance, or “r,” in the torque formula from them to the center of gravity, regardless of where their contents, such as cargo or baggage, are located in that compartment. The total weight of load in that compartment is also considered a single force, or “,F” in the torque formula.

The main, or passenger, deck of an A-330 serves the same purpose: it is subdivided into four zones for weight and balance purposes. All passengers in a particular zone are considered to be one distance, or “r,” from the center of gravity in the torque formula, while their collective weight is considered one force, or “F,” in the torque formula.

Resultantly, there are five torque calculations taken into consideration on the lower deck and four on the main deck on an A-330, each with its own force and distance parameters.

The torques ahead of the center of gravity are given negative (-) signs and therefore produce counterclockwise rotations, while the torques behind the center of gravity are given positive (+) signs and produce clockwise rotations. If the sum of the negative torques equals the sum of the positive torques, the airplane is in a state of rotational equilibrium…which can be considered “optimum trim.” If not, the aircraft will either be nose-heavy, resulting in a forward trim, or tail-heavy, resulting in an aft trim. Because the net angular acceleration always acts in the direction of the larger torque, that torque will be the determining factor of the airplane’s balance…the same way the distances and weights of the two children determined whether the seesaw remained in balance.

Although an equality between the forward, negative torques and the aft, positive ones results in the idealized, perfect balance on both seesaws and aircraft, the latter seldom take off with such a condition, departing instead with either a forward or aft trim. If the aircraft is not perfectly in balance, as hitherto striven for, how can it safely take off and travel to its destination?

The answer is in understanding its three axes of flight: longitudinal, lateral, and vertical.

Unlike the many experimenters who had preceded the Wright Brothers, it had been the Wright Brothers themselves who had succeeded in conquering controlled, powered, heavier-than-air flight because they had applied a systematic approach to solving its aerodynamic problems. They had focused on three principle areas:

Lift Propulsion Balance and control

It had been the latter which ultimately provided the inflight corrective force of either a nose- or tail-heavy aircraft with a less-than-optimum trim.

The horizontal stabilizers counterbalance a nose-heavy (negative torque) or tail-heavy (positive torque) condition in flight and the degree of its travel is determined by the aircraft manufacturer. These parameters are indicated by the respective aircraft’s balance envelope. Provided that an aircraft’s trim is within these limits, it can be safely dispatched for flight. If it is out-of-trim, the horizontal stabilizers cannot counteract this tendency and it cannot be dispatched for flight. The rule of thumb here is that, if an aircraft is out-of-trim on the ground, it will be out-of-trim in the air.

Many other calculations are made with the aid of the balance table. The front side of it, for instance, yields index corrections for:

Load in lower-deck compartments. Passengers in main-deck cabins. Fuel in both the main tanks and the trim tank.

Each of these index corrections is the result of the already-incorporated torque formula. All weight placed in any weight & balance station is considered one “F” and any station is considered one “r” in the torque formula: T=rF. Index corrections correspond to a range of weights, not a single one. The 6321-6682 kilograms for compartment 4 on an A-330-200, for example, yields an index correction of +18. The balance table incorporates the already calculated torque by multiplying the force and the distance and dividing the result by a constant to equal a reduction factor index unit.

5. Torque–and Its Role in Fuel Burn Reduction

Although an aircraft experiences rotations about all three axes in flight and these complicated calculations extend far beyond this discussion, the torque concept can further illustrate how a properly loaded airplane can result in a reduction in fuel burn and therefore lower trip-mile costs. The further aft the loaded center of gravity is, the further aft the “door hinge” is…which, in this case, is the CG and the distance is the line between it and the horizontal tail. As you know, torque is the product of the distance and the force and the shorter that distance, the smaller is the resultant torque which must be counteracted. The tail actually serves the purpose of “correcting” both the less-than-optimum trim and the unstable air which induces its rotation. Unlike an unbalanced seesaw, an aircraft cannot rely on the ground to intercept the angular rotation of its heavier end and therefore employs the horizontal tail surfaces to counteract this tendency…hence the term, “horizontal stabilizers”. If your aircraft utilizes the earth for this purpose, you know your flight is “out-of-trim”…which, in physics, can be translated as “severe rotational disequilibrium.”

Although this may sound complex, we are still dealing, in the simplest form, with “T = rF.” While torque may aid the opening of a door on the ground, it works against an aircraft’s economy in flight. When an airplane cruises in a greater state of “rotational equilibrium,” it is less prone to respond to air current-induced torque and this, in turn, results in a reduction in fuel burn.

Can you believe that your infant-learned ability to open a door could lead to something so profound as aircraft weight and balance?

A graduate of Long Island University-C.W. Post Campus with a summa-cum-laude BA Degree in Comparative Languages and Journalism, I have subsequently earned the Continuing Community Education Teaching Certificate from the Nassau Association for Continuing Community Education (NACCE) at Molloy College, the Travel Career Development Certificate from the Institute of Certified Travel Agents (ICTA) at LIU, and the AAS Degree in Aerospace Technology at the State University of New York ? College of Technology at Farmingdale. Having amassed almost three decades in the airline industry, I managed the New York-JFK and Washington-Dulles stations at Austrian Airlines, created the North American Station Training Program, served as an Aviation Advisor to Farmingdale State University of New York, and devised and taught the Airline Management Certificate Program at the Long Island Educational Opportunity Center. A freelance author, I have written some 70 books of the short story, novel, nonfiction, essay, poetry, article, log, curriculum, training manual, and textbook genre in English, German, and Spanish, having principally focused on aviation and travel, and I have been published in book, magazine, newsletter, and electronic Web site form. I am a writer for Cole Palen?s Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome in New York. I have made some 350 lifetime trips by air, sea, rail, and road.

Cash It Back With Credit Cards

admin — Thu, 11 Mar 2010 07:01:04 +0000

What is a cash back credit card?

A cash back credit card gives annual rebates or gives back money to the card holder based on how much have been purchased with it. This type of credit card is suitable for those who rarely use cash in their transactions. The rebate is computed as a percentage of the total amount charged to the credit card in a year. Usually, rebates are between 1-2%. Some can even go as high as 3%.

Are rebates always in the form of cash?

Strictly speaking, cash rebates should be in the form of cash. But now that card companies are diversifying, rebates may now come in the form of gift certificates and discount coupons. This somehow blurs the line between and among the different types of credit cards mentioned in the first paragraph of this article.

Some cash back credit cards offer upgrading of membership status which allow their members to more discounts and gifts during anniversaries and holidays like Christmas and birthdays. Moreover, some credit card companies also have partnerships with other consumer products that entitle their members to added product discounts in future purchases.

What banks offer cash back credit cards?

There are many banks that offer cash back credit cards in kind. They usually have a rewards program for members wherein card holders receive gifts and discounts courtesy of partner product companies; discount coupons to hotels, restaurants, specialty stores; and travel miles for non-travel purchases. Below are some banks that offer cash back benefits.

1. Citibank
2. Chevy Chase Bank
3. HSBC
4. Royal Bank Avion (Canada)
5. Standard Chartered Bank

Are cash back credit cards offered only by banks?

No. Since business establishments are innovating their services and benefits for their customers, some of them offer cash back to their loyal customers e.g. Discover Card (Discover Magazine). Aside from giving book and magazine discounts, airline miles are also offered by Discover Card. Big grocery stores such as Krogers, Wal Mart, and Bi-Lo offer cash back but in the form of cash certificates and discount coupons.

How does one get a cash back credit card?

Since almost all credit card companies (e.g. banks, stores, airlines) offer cash (or in kind) back benefits, all that has to be done is to file an application in any of their office or stores, or signup online by visiting their web sites. Just be a word of caution for online applications, make sure that the transaction is made through a secure internet connection since identity theft has become rampant with the advent of credit card use.

More information about credit and credit cards is available at stooze online

Become a Aircraft Mechanic

admin — Wed, 10 Mar 2010 06:53:43 +0000

Aircraft mechanics are responsible for ensuring that planes are flying in top operating condition. They do this in a variety of ways: by performing scheduled maintenance, doing repairs, and conducting inspections as required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Mechanics usually work in hangars although they are occasionally required to work outdoors. Ear protection is required due to noise and vibration when testing engines. There is frequent lifting of heavy objects and a good deal of awkward or precarious positioning required when working. Although a 40-hour work week is common, aircraft mechanics can frequently count on overtime and/or weekend work. The job can be somewhat stressful due to the high level of responsibility to maintain safety standards and the time pressure to meet flight schedules.

Education, Certification, Licensing

Due to the high degree of responsibility associated with the job, the FAA requires that all aircraft mechanics be certified. In order to become certified, a person needs 18 months of practical experience with either power plants or airframes; or (to earn a combined certification as both an airframe and a powerplant mechanic, known as an A&P certificate) 30 months of practical experience working on both at the same time. Completion of a program at an FAA-certified mechanic school can be substituted for the work experience requirement. Mechanics also must pass an exam for certification, which has a combination of written, oral, and practical test components. Once certified, mechanics must take at least 16 hours of training every two years to keep their certificate current. There are presently about 170 schools certified by the FAA. Coursework normally lasts from 18 to 24 months and the schools are required by law to offer students a minimum of 1,900 class hours. Many of these schools award 2-year and 4-year degrees in avionics, aviation technology, or aviation maintenance management. Courses in mathematics, physics, chemistry, electronics, computer science, and mechanical drawing are helpful because knowledge of the principles taught in these subjects is often needed to make repairs. A strong background in electronics is especially important. Courses that develop writing skills are also valuable due to the fact that mechanics need to submit reports on the maintenance and repair work they perform. In addition to the educational and experience requirements, mechanics must be able to read, write, and understand English in order to become certified. Those who wish to work for an airline should also be aware that most airlines require their mechanics to have a high school diploma and an A&P certificate.

This article on baking schools and jobs has been provided courtesy of City Town Info.

Make a High Flying Career in Aviation

admin — Tue, 09 Mar 2010 03:00:10 +0000

Being a pilot or an air hostess could be anybody’s dream career. The job involves lot of traveling, glamour and lot of money. It is a well-paying job so youngsters dream to pursue a career in aviation. In fact, all jobs related to the aviation sector are lucrative. However, it is also a rigorous job and demands a lot out of you and involves a certain amount of risk on daily basis. The work hours are generally long but the perks are high. One also gets to travel the world while on the job and meet interesting people. All these things make a career in aviation a very sought after option. Also, with the upcoming travel industry and the upgradation, liberalization and privatization of airports, there is a huge demand for the people who have done career training in aviation.

Today, there are many state-run and private training schools that provide pilot training and air hostess training. Different schools offer aviation courses of different duration.

It is always advisable to take up courses related to the aviation industry from a recognized and prestigious career institute. Aviation courses mainly include training about flying operation, aircrew, aircraft, air traffic management, technical aspects of flight, aviation safety, regulatory policies and economics of airport.

The Indian Institute of Aeronautics based in Delhi offers 3-year AME Licence Training Programs, as approved by the Director General of Civil Aviation. For enrolment in the course, one has to apply as per admission notice displayed in newspapers. The courses usually commence in July every year. For foreign students, admission is subject to security clearance from the Government of India.

Indian Institute of Aeronautical Science based in Jamshedpur offers a course in Aircraft Maintenance Engineering. The course usually commences in January and July every year. The admissions are done on the basis of merit list prepared on an entrance examination. The duration of this course is three years and it is divided over six months, which includes six months on the job practical training on flying aircraft. The eligibility for this course is that the candidate must have passed Intermediate Science, 10+2 (or its equivalent) with 50% Marks in Physics & Mathematics or a 3-year Diploma and degree in any branch of engineering with minimum 50% marks. Foreign students shall have qualification equivalent to any prescribed above or “O” level of U.K. or equivalent.

Another good institute is Avalon Aviation Academy, which is an enterprise of Aptech Limited. It offers the following courses: Diploma in Professional Cabin Crew Services, Diploma in Professional Ground Staff services, IATA / UFTAA- Foundation Course, Certificate Course in Fares & Ticketing Virgin Atlantic/ GTMC Courses and Personality Development courses. Avalon Aviation Academy has centres in Delhi, Mumbai, Pune etc.

The state owned institutes include: Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Udan Akademi, Rae Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh Aviation Academy, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, Amritsar Aviation Club, Amritsar, Punjab, Bihar Flying Institute, Patna, Bihar, Bombay Flying Club, Mumbai, Maharashtra, Gujarat Flying Club, Vadodara, Gujarat, Government. Flying Training Institute, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa, Government Flying Training Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, Government. Flying Training School, Bangalore, Karnataka, Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation, Karnal, Haryana, Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation, Hissar, Haryana, Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation, Pinjore, Haryana, Ludhiana Aviation Club, Ludhiana, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh Flying Club, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh Flying Club, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Madras Flying Club, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Northern India Flying Club, Jallandhar, Punjab, Patiala Aviation Club, Patiala, Punjab, Rajasthan State Flying School, Jaipur, Rajasthan, UP State Flying Training Institute, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar Flying Training Institute, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Assam Flying Club, Guwahati, Assam, Banasthali Vidyapith Gliding and Flying Club, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, Aviation Training Academy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, Delhi Flying Club, New Delhi, Kerala Aviation Training Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, Nagpur Flying Club, Nagpur, Maharashtra, Jamshedpur Cooperative Flying Club, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.

There is wide ranging scope in India for those who successfully complete courses in aviation. One may find jobs in aerospace / aviation engineering, aviation maintenance, flight crew, management aviation, civil aviation department of India, avionics, cargo management, reservation sector, cabin crew, operation executive, air hostess etc. The major companies in aviation include Sahara India, Kingfisher Airlines, Indian Airlines, India International Airways Ltd., Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., Deccan Airlines, Trans Asian Aviation, Bird Group, and many others.

To be a pilot the basic prerequisites are that you must have completed your Class XII under the 10+2 system or its equivalent with a minimum of 50 per cent marks in Mathematics and Physics. Minimum 16 years of age is required to be eligible for a Private Pilot License and 17 for a Commercial Pilot License. The vision in one eye must be perfect. General physical fitness is also mandatory.

Before going for the plunge, one must remember that however glamorous and exciting it may sound, the job requires intensive training and risk. A pilot is responsible for the lives of passengers as well as the aircraft itself.

Geetika Jain writes on behalf of Shiksha.com. Shiksha.com is an education portal that connects education seeker with education provider. Shiksha.com has wide information over Air hostess Training and Aviation Courses, its education forums enable its users to seek opinion of students, alumni and faculty of colleges and schools through College Groups and School Groups